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| Off-price retailer | قیمت فروش پایینتر از قیمت خرده فروشی | Retailer that buys at less-than-regular wholesale prices and sells at less than retail |
| Independent off-price retailer | خرده فروش مستقل | Off-price retailer that is either owned and run by entrepreneurs or is division of larger retail corporation |
| Factory outlet | فروشگاه عرضه مستقیم
( از تولید به مصرف ) |
Off-price retailing operation that is owned and operated by a manufacturer and that normally carries the manufacturer’s surplus, discontinued, or irregular goods |
| Warehouse club | فروش با تخفیف به مشتریان عضو کلاب مشتریان | Off-price retailer that sells a limited selection of brand name grocery items, appliances, clothing, and a hodgepodge of other goods at deep discounts to members who pay annual membership fees |
| Chain store | فروشگاه زنجیره‌ای | Two or more outlets that are owned and controlled in common, have central buying and merchandising, and sell similar lines of merchandise |
| Franchise | حق امتیاز بهره برداری
( فرانچایز ) |
A contractual association between a manufacturer, wholesaler, or service organization (a franchiser) and independent businesspeople (franchisees) who buy the right to own and operate one or more units in the franchise system |
| Franchisor | ارائه کننده حق امتیاز بهره برداری | Suppliers of products and management and marketing expertise that grant franchisees (dealers) the right to run a chain-like retailing establishments in return for fee and royalty arrangements |
| Franchise organization | شرکت ارائه دهنده حق امتیاز بهره برداری | A contractual vertical marketing system in which a channel member, called a franchiser, links several stages in the production-distribution process |
| In-home retailing | فروش محصول در کنار خط تولید | Selling that usually takes the form of a small party given by a hostess or host to allow friends and neighbours to examine and order a product line |
| District sales manager | مدیر فروش منطقه‌ای | A line executive who plans, directs, and controls the activities of field salespeople |
| Central business district | محدوده تجاری | Areas where many retailers are clustered together to take advantage of each other’s traffic |
| Warehouse showroom | نمایشگاه درون انبار | Stores that are located on low-rent, suburban sites, and focus on medium-priced furniture and appliances |
| Limited-service retailer | خرده فروشی غیر همگون | Some department store chains and limited-line stores that concentrate on heterogeneous shopping products |
| Wholesaling | عمده فروشی | All activities involved in selling goods and services to those buying for resale or business use |
| Wholesaler | عمده فروش | Organisations which buy products from producers or other wholesalers and resell them to retailers or organisational buyers, or to other wholesalers |
| Limited-service wholesaler | عمده فروشی محدود | Wholesalers who perform only selected functions |
| Full-service wholesaler | عمده فروش نامحدود | Organisations which provide almost all the functions of intermediaries and generally are divided into three subgroups: general merchandise wholesalers, single-line wholesalers, and specialty wholesalers |
| General merchandise wholesaler | تاجر عمده کالای عمومی | Wholesaler who handle a broad range of products, from food and drug items to plumbing supplies and automotive accessories |
| Merchant wholesaler | تاجر عمده فروش | Independently owned business that takes title to the merchandise it handles |
| Sorting out | سورت / طبقه‌بندی
رده‌بندی |
The process by which wholesalers and retailers separate quantities of products into sizes, colours, quality grades, and so on |
| Cash-and-carry wholesaler | عمده فروشی تحفیفی بدون حمل | Wholesalers who emphasise reduced costs for small retailers, but do not provide credit or delivery |
| Specialty wholesaler | عمده فروش تخصصی | Wholesalers who have the most restricted inventories, focusing on items such as health foods or electric motors |
| Truck wholesaler | عمده فروشی با حمل | Wholesalers who pick up quantities of products at commercial markets and deliver them to retailers in case lots |
| Drop shippers | ارسال مستقیم از تولید کننده به مصرف کننده از طریق یک واسط | Organisations which take bulk orders from industrial users, other wholesalers, or retailers; they then order the desired products from manufacturers, who ship directly to the customers |
| Non-store retailing | خرده فروشی در خارج از فروشگاه | Retailing that may be conducted impersonally (through catalogues, direct mail, and vending machines) or personally (door-to-door selling, in-home retailing, and telephone sales) |
| Door-to-door selling | فروش درب منزل | A form of direct marketing which involves personal selling to individuals in their homes |
| Direct marketing | بازاریابی مستقیم | 1: A form of nonstore retailing in which a promotional message is delivered directly to potential customers, who respond directly to the company rather than through a traditional point of sale such as store. 2: Nonstore sales to consumers and organisational buyers via mail and telephone. 3: Direct communications with carefully targeted individual consumers to obtain an immediate response, and cultivate lasting customer relationships |
| Cost per customer purchasing | هزینه خرید به ازای هر مشتری | A cost effectiveness measure used in direct marketing based on the cost per sale generated |
| Professional sales representative | نماینده فروش حرفه ای | Territory managers whose primary task is persuasive and creative face-to-face selling and account management |
| Agents (brokers) | نمایندگان – کارگزاران | Intermediaries who help bring manufacturers and retailers together and arrange sales for a commission payment; they do not také legal title to products |
| Broker | کارگزار | A wholesaler who does not take title to goods and whose function is to bring buyers and sellers together and assist in negotiation |
| Selling agent | نماینده فروش | Agents who distribute the entire output of a manufacturer |
| Commission merchant | کمیسیون تجاری | Merchants who receive goods on consignment from producers, také the merchandise to a central market, sell at the best price possible, deduct their commission, and remit the balance to the producer |
| Freight forwarders | ارسال کننده کالا | Agencies which provide a combining service by which partial shipments (usually under 500 pounds) are assembled from several customers |
| Industrial sales people | فروشنده صنعتی | People who sell goods and services used for producing other goods or for rendering other services |
| Manufacturer’s sales branches and offices | دفاتر و نمایندگتان فروش تولید کنندگان | Wholesaling by sellers or buyers themselves rather than through independent wholesalers |
| Vending machine | دستگاه فروش خودکار | A form of non-store, non-personal selling which takes to the extreme the transaction between consumer and machine |
| String street | مسیر فروش | Major thoroughfares along which are found random collections of almost every kind of store |
| Support personnel | نیروی پشتیبان | People who aid efforts of professional sales representatives and order takers |
| Tying contract | خرید محصول به شرط خرید محصول دیگر | An agreement between a supplier and an intermediary which requires the intermediary to buy product B in order to also get product A |
| Common carriers | حمل کننده مسئول | Those transportation providers which offer their services for the use of others, and are under certain governmental regulations concerning the provision of such services |
| Vertical marketing systems | سیستم های بازاریابی عمودی | A system in which the functions of members at different levels in the distribution channel have been integrated under the ownership or influence of one member in order to set shared goals and to achieve effective performance |
| Backward integration | ادغام رو به عقب | The approach by which the intermediaries acquire control over manufacturers |
| Forward integration | ادغام رو به جلو | The approach in which the manufacturers acquire control over wholesalers and retailers |