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| Odd-even pricing | قیمتگذاری غیرمعمول | The practice which assumes that consumers will perceive prices such as $40.95 as being “$40 and something” rather than as “almost $50”. |
| Cost-plus pricing | قیمتگذاری افزون بر هزینه، قیمتگذاری بالاتر از هزینه، روش قیمت اضافه بر بهای اصل | A strategy that assumes a basic cost per unit and then adds a markup to provide a margin that covers overhead costs and returns a profit |
| Cost/volume/profit analysis | هزینه / حجم / تجزیه و تحلیل سود | An approach which calculates the effect on profits of different prices, given different levels of demand in response to those prices |
| Price-off promotions | ترفیع فروش با کاهش قیمت | A strategy that involves temporary price reductions to retailers with the intent that savings will be passed along to consumers |
| Non-price competition | رقابت غیر قیمتی | When firm’s strategy is advanced by components of the marketing mix other than price: the product itself, the distribution system, or the promotional campaign |
| Push money | پول فشار – پرداخت به واسط | Special bonuses paid by a marketer to an intermediary’s sales force |
| Quantity discounts | تخفیفات مقداری | Price concessions that are based either on number of units purchased or on the total dollar amount; they are used to encourage larger orders from a single buyer |
| Rebates | تخفیفات بعد از فروش | A promotional method which provides for financial returns to buyers from the manufacturer after the purchase has taken place |
| Cash refund offer (rebate) | بازپرداخت نقدی ارائه شده پس از خرید | Offer to refund part of the purchase price of a product to consumers who send a “proof of purchase” to the manufacturer |
| Price pack (cents-off deal) | کاهش قیمت مندرج بر لیبل | Reduced price that is marked by the producer directly on the label or package |
| Self-liquidator | پرداخت کوچک در ازای بهترین کالا یا خدمات | The consumer must pay a small charge for the premium to help cover the marketer’’ expenses; if this charge completely covers a marketer’’ costs, the premium is called a self-liquidator |
| Distribution channel | کانال توزیع | A set of interdependent organizations involved in the process of making a product or service available for use or consumption by the consumer or business user |
| Channel level | سطوح کانال | A layer of intermediaries that performs some work in bringing the product and its ownership closer to the final buyer |
| Direct marketing channel | کانال بازاریابی مستقیم | A marketing channel that has no intermediary levels |
| Indirect marketing channel | کانال بازاریابی غیرمستقیم | Channel containing one or more intermediary levels |
| Channel conflict | تعارض کانال | Disagreement among marketing channel members on goals and roles—who should do what and for what rewards |
| Conventional distribution channel | کانال توزیع متعارف | A channel consisting of one or more independent producers, wholesalers, and retailers, each a separate business seeking to maximize its own profits even at the expense of profits for the system as a whole |
| Vertical marketing system (VMS) | سیستم بازاریابی عمودی | A distribution channel structure in which producers, wholesales, and retailers act as a unified system. One channel member owns the others, has contracts with them, or has so much power that they all cooperate |
| Corporate VMS | سیستم بازاریابی عمودی ترکیبی با مالکیت مشترک | A vertical marketing system that combines successive stages of production and distribution under single ownership—channel leadership is established through common ownership |
| Administered VMS | سیستم بازاریابی عمودی ترکیبی با مدیریت واحد | A vertical marketing system that coordinates successive stages of production and distribution, not through common ownership or contractual ties but through the size and power of one of the parties |
| Horizontal marketing system | سیستم بازاریابی افقی | A channel arrangement in which two or more companies at one level join together to follow a new marketing opportunity |
| Hybrid marketing channel | کانال بازاریابی ترکیبی | Multi-channel distribution system in which a single firm sets up two or more marketing channels to reach one or more customer segments |
| Disintermediation | حذف واسط | The elimination of a layer of intermediaries from a marketing channel or the displacement of traditional resellers by radically new types of intermediaries |
| Intensive distribution | توزیع فشرده | Stocking the product in as many outlets as possible |
| Exclusive distribution | توزیع انحصاری | Giving a limited number of dealers the exclusive right to distribute the company’s products in their territories |
| Selective distribution | توزیع انتخابی | The use of more than one, but fewer than all, of the intermediaries who are willing to carry the company’s products |
| Intermodal transportation | حمل و نقل چند وجهی | Combining two or more modes of transportation |
| Integrated logistics management | مدیریت تدارکات/پشتیبانی یکپارچه | The logistics concept that emphasizes teamwork, both inside the company and among all the marketing channel organizations, to maximize the performance of the entire distribution system |
| Third-party logistics provider | ارائه دهنده خدمات پشتیانی توسط طرف سوم | An independent logistics provider that performs any or all of the functions required to get their clients’ product to market |
| Transit time | زمان انتقال / ارسال | The time from receipt of the order to delivery of the goods |
| Combined transportation modes | حالت حمل و نقل ترکیبی | A transportation method which utilities more than one type of carrier |
| Vertical conflict | تعارض عمودی | The conflict which occurs between members above and below each other in the distribution channel-between the manufacturer and intermediaries, or between intermediaries such as wholesalers and retailers |
| Horizontal conflict | تعارض افقی | The conflict which arises between wholesalers and retailers of the same level and type in a channel |
| Intertype conflict | تعارض درون شبکه توزیع | The conflict which occurs when different kinds of intermediaries are part of the distribution channel |
| Conflict resolution | حل تعارض | Accommodation of various channel members to decisions designed to promote the overall goals of the distribution channel |
| Horizontal integration | ادغام افقی | The process which brings together a number of channel members at the same level and puts them under single ownership |
| Place utility | کاربرد/ فایده مکانی | The usefulness gained when something of value is received where it is wanted |
| Retailing | خرده فروشی | All activities involved in selling goods or services directly to final consumers for their personal, non-business use |
| Specialty store | فروشگاه تخصصی | A retail store that carries a narrow product line with a deep assortment within that line |
| Supplies | تدارکات | Items that are not incorporated into the buying organisation’s products;goods needed to keep everyday operations going |
| Supply | عرضه | A relation showing the various amounts of a commodity that a seller would be willing and able to make available for sale at possible alternative prices during a given period of time, all other things remaining the same |
| Distribution channels | کانال های توزیع | Channels that are made up of manufacturers or service producers and wholesalers and retailers through which products are marketed to consumers and organisational buyers |
| Channel length | طول کانال | The number of levels in a distribution channel |
| Channel strategy | استراتژی کانال | Decisions which center on choosing and attracting the most effective types and the most efficient number of distributors in the best geographical locations |
| Channel width | عرض کانال | The number of intermediaries found at the same level in the channel |