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| Direct channels | کانال های مستقیم | The channels in which producers sell directly to final buyers; no intermediaries are involved |
| Multiple channels | کانال های چندگانه | Channels which include different kinds of intermediaries at the same level |
| Voluntary chains | زنجیره داوطلبانه | Wholesaler-sponsored organisations of independent retailers who practice bulk buying and similar merchandising techniques |
| Procurement costs | هزینه های خرید | Inventory expenses that arise from the ordering process itself |
| Selective demand | تقاضای انتخابی | A preference among buyers for specific brands |
| Selective distribution | توزیع انتخابی | A systém in which only a certain number of intermediaries, or those of o certain type, are chosen to distribute the product |
| Position | جایگاه | A product’s category and its relative standing within that category |
| Category development index (CDI) | شاخص توسعه طبقه/رده | An index that is calculated by taking the percentage of a product category’s total sales that occur in a given market area as compared to the percentage of the total population on the market |
| Category management | مدیریت طبقهبندی | An organisational system whereby managers have responsibility for the marketing programs for a particular category or line of products |
| Product category organisation | سازمان طبقهبندی محصول | The organisation method that assigns marketing tasks by product category or brand |
| Slotting fees | بهای فضای قفسه | Payments demanded by retailers before they will accept new products and find “slots” for them on the shelves |
| City zone | منطقه شهری | A category used for newspaper circulation figures that refers to a market area composed of the city where paper is published and contiguous areas similar in character to the city |
| Product line exclusivity | خط تولید انحصاری | An agreement that the agency will not work on a competing product for the duration of the relationship |
| Polarity retailing | خرده فروشی دو قطبی | The concept stating that the successful forms of retailing is at the extremes; either the large mass merchandisers with highly efficient operations, or the very small “boutique” retailers with a very deep line of merchandise in a very limited product line |
| Multilevel Merchandiser | تجارت (بازارپردازی) چندوجهی | Those corporate retail chains which, by dint of size, have integrated backward and have achieved strong control over (if not ownership of) their wholesalers as well as their manufacturers |
| Cease and desist order | توقف و لغو سفارش | An action by the U.S. Federal Trade Commission that orders a company to stop engaging in a practice that is considered deceptive or misleading until a hearing is held |
| Corrective Advertising | تبلیغ اصلاحی | An action by Federal Trade Commission whereby an advertiser can be required to run advertising messages designed to remedy the deception or misleading impression created by its pprevious advertising |
| Reseller markets | بازارهای فروش مجدد محصولات از طریق نمایندگان فروش | Firms that acquire goods and services in order to sell them again |
| Special sales representatives | نمایندگان فروش ویژه | People who promote the product directly to those who purchase it, to intermediaries, or to those who recommend it, but who do not actually take orders |
| Retailers | خرده فروشان | Merchants whose main business is selling directly to ultimate consumers |
| Wheel of retailing concept | چرخه مفهوم خرده فروشی | A concept of retailing that states that new types of retailers usually begin as low-margin, low-price, low-status operations but later evolve into higher-priced, higher-service operations, eventually becoming like the conventional retailers they replaced |
| Retailer co-operatives | همکاری در خرده فروشی | Centralized buying organisations set up by retailers themselves |
| Convenience stores | فروشگاههای رفاه 24 ساعته | Stores featuring convenience: long store hours (often 24 hours each day), ease of access, and quick shopping for items such as bread, milk, eggs, cigarettes, and newspapers |
| Off-price retailers | پایینتر از قیمت خرده فروشی | Stores that differ from other discounters in that they feature, almost exclusively, name-brand and designer label apparel at prices significantly below those in department and specialty stores |
| Straight commission | کمیسیون مستقیم | A financial incentive based solely on sales results; each increment of sales increases the commission |
| Scrambled merchandising | فروش اجناس ناجور / نامرتبط | The contemporary practice among retailers of expanding their product lines beyond those traditionally carried, leading to competition between types of retailers |
| Supermarkets | سوپرمارکت | Self-selection stores that sell a complete range of food and other items from various departments |
| Superstores | فروشگاه بزرگ | Stores that go well beyond combination stores by carrying such nonfood items as garden supplies, alcoholic beverages, books, housewares, and hardware |
| Urban shopping malls | مرکز خرید بزرگ شهری | Collections of shops and department stores located in or near central business districts |
| Shopping center | مرکز خرید | A group of commercial establishments planned, developed, owned, and managed as a unit related in location, size, and type of shops to the trade area that it services, and providing on-site parking in definite relationships to the types and sizes of stores it contains |
| Full-service retailers | خرده فروشان با سرویس کامل | Specialty shops, boutiques, and top-of-the-line department stores |
| Department stores | فروشگاه خیلی بزرگ و بسیار متنوع | Stores characterized by wide and deep product mixes; individual departments within store; mid- to upper-level prices; and extensive services |
| Discount houses | فروشگاه خیلی بزرگ با قیمتها نازل | Stores that are much like department stores except that their primary appeal is low price |
| Discount store | فروشگاه تخفیفی | A retail institution that sells standard merchandise at lower prices by accepting lower margins and selling at higher volume |
| Hypermarket | هایپر مارکت | A very large store (80.000 square feet and up) that adds furniture, appliances, and clothing to the items found in superstores |
| Specialty stores | فروشگاه تخصصی | Stores characterized by narrow product mixes with deep product lines, a high level of personal services, and relatively high prices |
| Category killer | فروشگاه تخصصی تخفیفی | Giant specialty store that carries a very deep assortment of a particular line and is staffed by knowledgeable employees |
| Convenience store | فروشگاه رفاه کوچک24 ساعت | A small store, located near a residential area, that is open long hours seven days a week and carries a limited line of high-turnover convenience goods |
| Combination store | فروشگاه ترکیبی | Store that carry over-the-counter and prescription drugs in addition to food items |
| Self-selection retailers | خرده فروشان خود انتخاب | Stores that provide few services or sales personnel and sell mostly staples and homogeneous shopping goods |